Ozonation as pre-treatment of activated sludge process of a wastewater containing benzalkonium chloride and NiO nanoparticles
Authors
Carbajo, José B.; Petre Bujan, Alice Luminita; Rosal García, Roberto; Berná Galiano, Antonio; Letón García, Pedro; [et al.]Identifiers
Permanent link (URI): http://hdl.handle.net/10017/60280DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.08.001
ISSN: 1385-8947
Date
2016-01-01Affiliation
Universidad de Alcalá. Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería QuímicaFunders
Comunidad de Madrid
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
Ministerio de Educación
Bibliographic citation
Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, v. 283, p. 740-749
Keywords
Continuous ozonation
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Nanoparticles
Transformation products
Water matrix
Aquatic toxicity
Project
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/CAM/Dirección General de Universidades e Investigación/S2013%2FMAE-2716/ES/
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2024/CTM2008-04239/ES/
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2024/CTM2013-45775/ES/
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ME/Ayudas para la Formación de Profesorado Universitario/AP2008-00572/ES/
Document type
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Version
info:eu-repo/semantics/aceptedVersion
Rights
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
© Elsevier
Access rights
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Abstract
The continuous ozonation of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) has been performed in a synthetic water matrix and in a sewage treatment plant influent. This study aims to assess ozonation as pre-treatment of an activated sludge process, with emphasis on the toxicity of treated water. BAC was completely removed in synthetic matrix independently of the presence of NiO-NPs, although the ozone dose was influenced by NPs co-occurrence. The extent of mineralization was limited and a number of intermediate transformation products (TPs) appeared, twelve of which could be identified. The degradation pathway was shown to initiate both on the hydrophobic (alkyl chain) and hydrophilic (benzyl and ammonium moiety) region of the surfactant. The reactions on the hydrophilic region were affected by the presence of NiO-NPs as a consequence of the adsorption of BAC onto NP surface via the aromatic group. Water matrix strongly influenced BAC depletion. The aquatic toxicity of treated mixtures was assessed using a biotest battery composed of single species (the bacteria Vibrio fischeri and Pseudomonas putida and the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila), as well as on activated sludge using a resazurin-based assay. Although, BAC showed considerable aquatic toxicity in all bioassays, ozonation decreased the toxic effects of treated water samples at ozone dosages below those required for total BAC depletion. Further treatment would not be justified, neither for a significant increase in BAC abatement nor concerning the toxicity of treated wastewater, which increased as a result of nickel leaching from the NPs.
Files in this item
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150729_Manuscript.pdf | 595.2Kb |
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Ozonation_Carbajo_ChemEngJ_2016.pdf | 930.5Kb |
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Files | Size | Format |
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150729_Manuscript.pdf | 595.2Kb |
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Ozonation_Carbajo_ChemEngJ_2016.pdf | 930.5Kb |
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