Multi-spectral imaging for the estimation of shooting distances

Abstract

Multispectral images of clothing targets shot at seven different distances (from 10 to 220 cm) were recorded at 18 specific wavelengths in the 400&-1000 nm range to visualize the gunshot residue (GSR) pattern. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the use of violet-blue wavelengths (430, 450 and 470 nm) provided the largest contrast between the GSR particles and the white cotton fabric. Then, the correlation between the amount of GSR particles on clothing targets and the shooting distance was studied. By selecting the blue frame of multispectral images (i.e. the blue frame in the red-green-blue (RGB) system which falls at 470 nm), the amount of pixels containing GSR particles was accounted based on the intensity of pixels in that frame. Results demonstrated that the number of pixels containing GSR exponentially decreases with the shooting distance from 30 to 220 cm following a particular exponential equation. However, the targets shot at the shortest distance (10 cm) did not satisfy the above equation, probably due to the noticeable differences of the GSR-pattern of these targets (e.g. high presence of soot). Then, the equation was applied to validation samples to estimate the shooting distances, obtaining results with an error below 10%.